How one woman pioneered the farm-to-school movement

This year, prolific chef and activist Alice Waters celebrates the 20th anniversary of her K-12 education curriculum, The Edible Schoolyard Project. But two decades ago she was wasn’t so sure her big idea would come to fruition.

Waters brought her grand vision to then-principal Neil Smith, and together they walked the grounds of his Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School in Berkeley, Calif., near her iconic Chez Panisse restaurant. “I didn’t want just a garden or a kitchen at a school. I wanted a cafeteria that could feed every child for free, and I wanted every day to be an experience … that would edibly educate every child,” the 71-year-old Waters says. “He was really frightened by it. … He said, ‘Well, we’ll have to get back to you.’”

Waters didn’t expect to hear from Smith again. “Four months later, he got back to me, and he said, ‘We’re ready to do it,’” Waters says.

Twenty years later, King School’s garden is a demonstration site for The Edible Schoolyard Project, which includes curriculum resources, a global network for educators and an annual staff-training program called The Edible Schoolyard Academy.

It can be argued that programs like the one Waters co-founded have influenced today’s Gen Z diners, 53 percent of whom say that sustainable foods affect their choice of foodservice locations, according to Technomic.

“What I have seen is that kids have been touched by the project,” says Smith, who went on to become assistant superintendent of Berkeley Unified School District and retired in 2014. “I’m surprised by the number of kids that entered the Edible Schoolyard Project that are going into work related to food or … other issues related to the environment and sustainability. I’m delighted by that.”

We spoke to Waters, who in September was honored by President Obama with the National Humanities Medal for her work in sustainable food, about challenges past and present, in schools and beyond.

Why she says The Edible Schoolyard Project is more than a gardening class

I had been a Montessori teacher, and it came to me that the only way we’re going to bring children back to the earth is through the public schools. The idea behind [ESY] is definitely experiential education. It’s taking the principles of Montessori, educating the whole child and [the idea that] the senses are the pathways into your mind.

You really want the students to really be touching and tasting and smelling and seeing, so we take every academic subject, and we use the classroom of the garden or the kitchen to bring that subject alive. This is not a gardening and cooking class, per se. This is, in fact, a dramatic-arts class that’s taught through improvisational cooking in the kitchen. Using food and agriculture as a way to open children’s minds is just naturally sort of seductive to them because we need the nourishment. Everybody needs to eat to be alive, and you feel the overwhelming connection to nature.

Her advice on kick-starting a school-garden project

I think you need to go to the top first, which is what I’ve done in every project that I’ve been involved with. You really want to know that it is the principal or the superintendent of schools, that they believe in this and that there are teachers within the school [who also do].

I love to gather people in the beautiful circumstances of a garden to have a conversation. I never go anyplace unless I bring a basket of strawberries or some mint tea or the simplest things, and I put them on the table and I’m trying to engage the administrator the way that I would the children. They’re never honored in the way that they should be, and we’re trying to lift up the status of those teachers and the farmers.

On why she felt the moment was ripe for change

I had been inspired by Catherine Sneed’s Garden Project at the San Francisco County Jail. I thought it was transformational for the inmates, and I thought, “If you can change the way they think about their lives, that they want to stay in jail so that they can continue to garden, then surely you can do this with children in the public school.”

So it was such a strong push for me, a belief that this was the right place and this was the right time and I just have never looked back.

A chance encounter that brought tears to her eyes

I got a car to come home last night, and I was telling [the driver] I was going to [Chez Panisse] and said, “Have you ever heard of it?’” He said, ‘“No, but I used to go to school over in this area.” I said, “Where’d you go to school?” He said, “I went to King.” Then, just unsolicited by me, he said, “That was the greatest time I had in school ... I remember digging in the garden,” and it brought tears to my eyes.

On the success of the program’s graduates

This is the first year that we have hired somebody [chef teacher Molly Rose-Williams] to teach who has been in the program. We have a little movie that we made of eighth graders leaving the program this year, and to hear them talk, some of them could give a TED Talk. It’s quite astonishing that they get it completely, and in this 20th year, we’re reaching out to find the alumni. We’ll see what we get, but I’m pretty impressed with what they go on to do.

Her views on the challenges of feeding school children today

I think the biggest challenge is the willingness to pay the real cost of food upfront for children’s health. It can be affordable, but it can never be cheap. Because if it’s cheap, somebody is losing out, and most often, it’s the farmer. We need to focus on the fact that nutrition begins in the ground.

And, yes, in the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act, they’re talking about allowing gardens and buying from local gardens and that, but are those gardens organic? Are they really? We’re not understanding that we have to pay the real cost of food.

Five cents, a dollar won’t help. We need $5 for every child. We want to support the farmers who are taking care of the land, and they need to be paid. We need a direct line from the farm to the table.

Why cooking at home with kids is beneficial

Fast-food culture says cooking is drudgery. And I’m saying that cooking is a great pleasure. Maybe there was a time when the wife had to go in the kitchen and do it all herself and nobody was helping. But now, we have family and friends who want to cook together. And we all clean up together and this is a beautiful thing. We bring children to the table and older people to the table, and we sit down and have a moment in the day. As things get faster and faster, we need that time to take a breath.

A look back at 20 years of the edible schoolyard project

1995

Alice Waters and Principal Neil Smith break ground on the first Edible Schoolyard at Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School in Berkeley, Calif.

Waters establishes the Chez Panisse Foundation to support edible-education programs in California

1996

Garden classes begin at the Edible Schoolyard Berkeley

1997

Delaine Eastin, superintendent of public instruction for California Schools, declares there should be a garden in every California school, founding the School Garden Project

Kitchen classes begin at the Edible Schoolyard Berkeley

1999

Waters receives an “Excellence in Education” award from California Senator Barbara Boxer and a U.S. Department of Education “Educational Heroes” award from U.S. Secretary of Education Richard C. Riley

2000

Berkeley Unified School District adopts a food policy emphasizing organically grown produce in meal programs

The USDA supports the establishment of the National Farm to School Program, enabling program development, research and policy

2001

The Edible Schoolyard offers a free, healthy breakfast to all King Middle School students during the week of standardized statewide SAT-9 testing

2002

The Edible Schoolyard and the Center for EcoLiteracy collaborate to host a day-long workshop for local garden and kitchen educators at King Middle School

2003

The Edible Schoolyard welcomes nearly 1,000 local, national and international visitors; high-profile guests include California First Lady Maria Shriver and California State Secretary of Agriculture A.G. Kawamura

2004

The School Lunch Initiative is launched in partnership with the Berkeley Unified School District, the Center for EcoLiteracy and the Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute

2006

The second Founding Edible Schoolyard is established: the Edible Schoolyard New Orleans at the Samuel J. Green Charter School

2007

The Edible Schoolyard and organic gardening expert Wendy Johnson lead training workshops for garden educators in the Berkeley Unified School District

Edible Schoolyard staff members are delegates to Terre Madre in Turin, Italy

2008

The third Founding Edible Schoolyard is established: the Edible Schoolyard at Hunters Point Willie Mays Boys & Girls Club in San Francisco

Farm Bill legislation successfully passes, allowing foodservice directors to give preference to local products

2009

The fourth Founding Edible Schoolyard is established: the Larchmont Schools’ Edible Schoolyard in Los Angeles

The first Edible Schoolyard Academy takes place, welcoming 45 educators from schools in California, New York, New Jersey, Georgia, Washington and Hawaii

First lady Michelle Obama plants an organic edible garden on the White House grounds

2010

The fifth Founding Edible Schoolyard is established: the Edible Schoolyard at the Greensboro Children’s Museum in North Carolina

The Healthy, Hunger Free Kids Act passes, implementing nutritional standards for school meals and allocating funds to support farm-to-school programs and kitchen facility upgrades for schools and districts

2011

The White House Task Force Report on Childhood Obesity recognizes farm-to-school as a strategy for obesity prevention, and pre-kindergarten and childcare are identified as priority areas

The Chez Panisse Foundation is renamed the Edible Schoolyard Project, adopting a national mission to build and share an edible education curriculum for all schools

2012

The Edible Schoolyard Network launches, with 600 member programs joining in the first year

2013

Waters receives Wall Street Journal magazine’s Humanitarian Innovator of the Year award

2014

Waters is named among The 100 Most Influential People in 2014 by Time magazine

2015

Waters receives a National Humanities Award from President Obama at the White House

The Edible Schoolyard Project celebrates its 20th year

"It's just amazing, the idea that Alice had long before it caught on nationwide. … Getting people thinking again about where our food comes from and how we can set up a more sustainable system. For a lot of urban kids, they really don’t have that awareness or experience. And I think the garden, the kitchen, the whole Edible Schoolyard Project was such a boon."

—Neil Smith, former principal of Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School in Berkeley, Calif.

*Timeline courtesy of the Edible Schoolyard Project